GPAT Syllabus 2018 for Physical Chemistry / Physical Pharmacy / Organic Chemistry

What is GPAT ?

GRADUATE PHARMACY APTITUDE TEST (GPAT) is a national level entrance exam conducted by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) every year as per the directions of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India. This test facilitates institutions to select suitable Pharmacy graduates for admission into the Master’s (M.Pharm) program.

GPAT Syllabus


GPAT Physical Chemistry Syllabus 2108

1. Composition & physical states of matter

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Intermolecular forces & their impact on the state of the matter. Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric constant, Van Der Waal’s equation & critical phenomenon, liquefaction of gases, aerosols.

2. Colligative Properties

The liquid state, vapor pressure, ideal & real solutions. Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on colligative properties.

3. Thermodynamics

First, second & third law of thermodynamics. Thermochemical laws, isothermic & adiabatic processes, reversible processes, work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity. Gibb’s & Helmholtz equation & chemical potential.

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4. Refractive index

Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity, refractometers.

5. Solutions

Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves. Types of solutions, effect of co-solvency,
pH & other factors on solubility. Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, & solids in
liquids, critical solution temperature, law of partitioning & its applications. Solute-solvent
interactions. Expression of the concentration of pharmaceutical solutions & calculations.
Molarity, molality, mole fraction & percentage expressions.

6. Electrochemistry

Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis. Faraday’s law of electrolysis, electron transport,
electrical cell, single electrode potential, concentration cells, half-cells & half-cell potential,
types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation, salt bridge, electromotive series, standard
potential, SHE. Measuring the relative voltage of half cells, Calculation of standard potential.
Reference & indicator electrodes. Standard oxidation-reduction potential.

7. Ionic equilibrium

Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of ions, specific conductance.

8. Kinetics

Order of reactions, derivation & internal form of rate laws, moralities of reaction,
derivation of rate constants.


GPAT Physical Pharmacy Syllabus 2018

1. Matter, properties of matter

States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapor pressure, sublimationcritical
point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols- inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes,
liquid crystals, glasses state, solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism.

2. Micromeritics and powder rheology

Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particle
number, methods of determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving,
sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of
powders, porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties.

3. Surface and interfacial phenomenon

Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface
and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active
agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas
and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces.

4. Viscosity and rheology

Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non- Newtonian
systems, pseudoplastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity
and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer, application of theology in
pharmacy

5. Dispersion systems

a. Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective
colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy.
b. Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles
settling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement,
sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of
particles, significance of electrical properties in dispersions, controlled
flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations,
emulsions: types, theories, physical stability.

6. Complexation

Classification of complexes, methods of preparations and analysis, applications.

7. Buffer

Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general. Buffers in pharmaceutical systems,
preparations and stability, buffered isotonic solutions. Measurements of tonicity calculations
and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

8. Solubility

a. Miscibility-influence of foreign substances
three component systems;
dielectric constant and solubility,
solubility of solids in liquids
ideal and non-ideal solutions
solvation and association in solutions
solubility of salts in water
solubility of slightly soluble and weak electrolyte
calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the
solubility of drugs
combined effect of pH and solvents, distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents,
effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition, extraction,
preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution coefficient.
b. Concepts of dissolution and diffusion.


GPAT Organic Chemistry Syllabus 2018

1. General principles

A brief review of classification & sources of organic compounds, sp3, sp2, sp hybridization,
sigma & pi- bonds, bond lengths, bond angles & bond energies along with their significance in
reactions should be carried out. An overview of bond polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive
effects, resonance, and hyperconjugation be taken. Concept of homolytic & heterolytic bond
fission, acidity & basicity with different theories should be covered briefly. Ease of formation
& order of stabilities of electron deficient & electron rich species along with the reasons for
the same should be covered. Relationships between energy content, stability, reactivity &
their importance in chemical reactions should be covered. Calculations for determining
empirical & molecular formula should be covered.

2. Different classes of compounds

The following classes of compounds should be taught in detail with respect to their IUPAC / systematic nomenclature, industrial [wherever applicable] & laboratory methods of preparations, physical properties & chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction
mechanisms [arrow based] & stereochemistry [wherever applicable].

• Alkanes [including cyclic compounds]
• Alkenes [including cyclic compounds]
• Alkynes [only open-chain compounds]
• Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds
• Alkyl halides
• Aldehydes & Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids.

3. Protection & deprotection of groups

Introduction to protection & deprotection of functional groups. Two examples each for amino,hydroxyl, & carbonyl groups. The significance of these in syntheses should be explained.

4. Aromaticity & chemistry of aromatic compounds

Concept of aromaticity, Huckel’s rule & its use in determining the aromatic/non-aromatic character of a compound. A brief coverage of structure of benzene. Detailed coverage of electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Reactivity & orientation in thesereactions. Reactivity & orientation in mono- & disubstituted benzenes. Benzyne mechanism.

5. Different aromatic classes of compounds

The following classes of compounds with respect to their IUPAC / systematic nomenclature,industrial [wherever applicable] & laboratory methods of preparations,physical properties & chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms [arrow based]
& stereochemistry [wherever applicable].

  • Aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • Phenolic compounds.
  • Aromatic & aliphatic amines.
  • Diazonium salts.
  • Aromatic nitro- compounds, aryl halides, & ethers.

6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Syntheses & reactions with mechanisms of bi & tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like
naphthalene, anthracene, & phenanthrene.

7. Carbonyl Chemistry

Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions & their reaction mechanisms along with
stereochemistry wherever applicable.
a. Wolf-Kishner reduction & Huang-Minlong modification.
b. Reduction of arylsulfonyl hydrazine/hydrazones to alkanes.
c. Bamford Steven reaction.
d. DCC Oxidation of alcohol.
e. Michael addition / 1,4-addition / conjugate addition.
f. Mannich condensation / reaction.
g. Robinson annulation.
h. Stobbe condensation.
i. Darzen’s glycidic ester synthesis.
j. Beckmann rearrangement.
k. Baeyer Villiger rearrangement.
l. Curtius, Wolff, & Lossen rearrangements.
m. Willgerodt rearrangement.
n. Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
o. Methylene transfer reactions. Use of diazomethane & sulphur ylides in the same.
p. Mono- & dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
q. Formation & use of enol ethers, enol acetates & enamines as protective groups & in
regiospecific alkylations.

8. Heterocyclic Chemistry

IUPAC Nomenclature of heterocyclic rings [3-10 membered] containing O, S, & N atoms.
Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-, di-, & multiple [same or different] heteroatoms
should also be covered. Nomenclature of 2 & 3 fused rings containing mono-, di-, & multiple
heteroatoms [same or different] should also be covered. Syntheses & reactions of three to sixmembered
rings in detail. Syntheses of five & six-membered rings containing mono- or any diheteroatoms
[O, S, & N]. Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, &
benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole.

9. Bridged rings

Bridged ring systems & their nomenclature.C8, C9, C11 bridged bicyclic alkanes. Chemistry of
hexamine, morphan, biperiden, amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane

10. Kinetic & thermodynamic control

Kinetic & thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion formation & alkylation of
enamine reactions.

11. Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry. Chirality & asymmetry [introduction of the same to S, P, & N]. Definition &
classification [different types of isomerisms]. Enantiomers, diastereomers. Enantiomerism &
diastereomerism. Meso compounds & their optical activity. Stereochemistry in acyclic
compounds. Newman projection formulae & their significance. Conformational analysis of nbutane.
Absolute & relative configuration. Assigning R & S configuration based on Cahn Ingold
& Prelog system. Racemic mixture- its definition & resolution. Definitions of terms
stereoselective, stereospecific, Enantiomeric excess & diastereomeric excess. Stereochemistry
in cyclic systems. Conformations of cyclohexane. Cis-trans relationship in cyclohexane.
Prediction of stability of different conformations of 1, 2- 1,3- & 1,4- disubstituted cyclohexanes.
Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane conformations. Chair
conformations of cis-, & trans-decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, & a tetracyclic steroidal
nucleus. An introduction to atropisomerism.

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